What Drives A Person Insane Serial Killers - 997 Words

What drives a person insane? Serial killers are created, not born. It has been confirmed that a person’s early years are vital in the development of a child’s brain (Kirouac, McBride, 2009). As a baby, brain development is reliant on its environment (Kirouac, McBride, 2009). A young child’s brain behaves like a sponge; it absorbs details through observing their surroundings (Kirouac, McBride, 2009). The surroundings of a serial killer as an infant can greatly influence the way they go about their life and their style of killing. Experiences such as child abuse, divorce, child neglect, or drug abuse can be destructive to the development of a toddler (Kirouac, McBride, 2009, p.11). While serial killers and other psychopaths may have brain irregularities or dysfunctions, personal experiences and environment also play a large role in the shaping of a monster. The moniker â€Å"serial killer† means to murder three to four victims through a span of days, weeks, months, or even years with a â€Å"relaxation period† in between (Castle Hensley, 2002). The murders are usually unrelated and the killer is an outsider to the victims. The motive is psychological and consists of humiliating the victims (Simons, 2001). They come from unstable homes and have a history of being neglected or abused as children (LaBrode, 2007). This is the reason why they prey on defenseless victims such as children and prostitutes. Carroll Cole is the middle child out of five; Cole was raised by hisShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers1314 Words   |  6 Pages like serial killers, and what drives them to do what they do. Many scientists are still researching whether or not if serial killers are driven by the way they were raised or if it is a part of their genes. This literature review will analyze what people think about the nature versus nurture debate. It will talk about the nature side and the nurture side of the debate. What is a serial killer? Eric Hickey (2012) in â€Å"Serial Killers: Defining Serial Murder† defines what a serial killer is exactlyRead MoreInside the Mind of a Serial Killer Essays1049 Words   |  5 PagesMen and Women Serial Killers Barbie Sharp Psy 250 A02 Dr. Toby Arquette Argosy University Abstract What are underling factors that contribute to the psychological profile of men and women serial killers? This paper examines scientific and meta-analysis studies of men and women serial killers in an attempt to identify some of these factors. By investigating psychological theories involving men and women serial killers mentalRead MoreComparison Of Mass Murderers And Jaffrey Dahmer801 Words   |  4 Pages Notorious Murderers There is always something that drives people to commit murder. Whether it be jealousy, a thirst for power, or money, they always have a reason that explains what they did. When looking at serial killers and mass murderers, that reason essentially gets more complicated. These vicious killers are all violent, brutal monsters and have an abnormal urge to kill. Jaffrey Dahmer and Montress; two horrifying serial killers. Jaffrey Dahmer who is controlled by his sick fantisiesRead MoreHannibal Lecter Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pagespsychopath serial killer who uses charm, manipulation, intimidation, and violence to control his victims and others to satisfy his own selfish needs. Because he lacks a conscience and feelings for others, he cold-bloodily takes what he wants and does what he pleases, violating social norms and expectations without the slightest sin of remorse, guilt, or regret. Also Dr. Lecter suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, which explains some of his other actions as psychopath serial killer. OneRead MoreEssay about Case Analysis of Richard Ramirez1572 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper presents a case analysis of Richard Ramirez, the serial killer of the 1980s better known as â€Å"The Night Stalker†. Using the qualitative method and content analysis, the findings reveal that the law enforcement procedures were minimal because of the technology available during that time and the prosecution was sufficient because of the criminal justice system. Literature Review For instance, Vetter (1990) studied the association of the intensity of the violence within theRead MoreThe Biological Causes For Serial Killers2877 Words   |  12 Pagesbiological causes for serial killers’ psychopathic tendencies and examines those same biological factors in both men and women to find the correlation between a higher rate of male serial killers and the biology behind their actions. It is imperitave to first know what a serial killer is, and what makes them such a cold fish. There are sections of the brain that do have control over a human being’s personality, where that individual can either develop into an average person or join the other oneRead MoreEssay on Edmund Emil Kemper III1432 Words   |  6 Pageswondered what makes a serial killer tick and sets them off? What makes them want to kill and what is their drive to continue this horrible, sickening journey through their life or what was the cause for them to change their nature in life and create them into these monsters that we see them as today. It takes tragic experiences to cause that like abuse whether it is verbal, physical, or even sexual to cause a sense of damage to a person’s mind and disrupt their ability to comprehend what is sane andRead MoreEssay about Using Psychology to Find Serial Killers2550 Words   |  11 Pages Serial killers have been ravaging society for centuries, even before Jack the Ripper. For every effect there is a cause, there always is a reason for why people do things. On the topic of serial offences it will always lead back to what drove the perpetrator there. When any crime is committed it can be a simple reason such as lust or money. When a serial crime is committed it means there is more to it than just an accident, they like what they are doing. To find and catch these horrific individualsRead MoreSerial Killers Essay2668 Words   |  11 PagesSerial Murder The mind behind the crime! Thesis statement: Serial Murderers are not just murderers but also victims of the rotten hand they were dealt. Abstract I. Definition History A. The Most Infamous Killer B. Myth Theory 1. WereWolves 2. Vampires III. Causes A. Serial Killer Characteristics B. Theories VI. Case Studies A. Charles Manson 1. Bibliographical Info 2. Childhood Trauma B. John Wayne Gacy 1. Bibliographical Info Read MoreSuspense By Alfred Hitchcock And James Mangold1519 Words   |  7 Pagesparents, a girl, a couple on honeymoon, a hotel manager, and a police officer. Soon, the characters start getting killed one after the other which raises tension and causes mistrust among the characters. This leads to more deaths caused by the serial killer and caused by accidental killings between the characters. A major technique used to create suspense in both movies is through evoking emotions. On Vertigo (1958), the audience is subjected towards various emotions based on John character. He

Hip Hop Is Not Going Anywhere - 1545 Words

Since Old School’s Hip Hop conception, the genre has gone way beyond what the genre’s originators could have imagined. Each period since the founding of Hip Hop has added to the evolution of the culture and have altered it into something that is more than just a hobby, but a mindset and a part of life that cannot be separated from many different cultures globally. In 1977, popular Hip Hop MCs and Djs lived in poverty in New York and in 2016 artist like Sean Combs, Dr. Dre, and Jay-Z are worth $2.07 billion combined (Greenburg, 2016). A genre and culture that stemmed in a way of healing and release in the black and latino community in New York is now an international commodity and has proven that Hip Hop is not going anywhere. Several of Hip Hop’s characteristics have guided the evolution in these past 40 years, like the value of being family-oriented, authentic and the content of the lyrics, have made Hip Hop into a genre that has a large enough variety to have something for every any audience that enjoys music. Rap originated in the South Bronx by marginalized Black and Latino youth who lived in terrible housing often set ablaze, overcrowded cities, lack of available jobs, and gang-filled communities. Around this time in the 70s, gangs were becoming prominent in order to form community, protection, and family. In Somebody Scream, Reeves (2008) stated, â€Å"The population upheaval of the South Bronx, with black and brown kids being terrorized by bands of white youth whoseShow MoreRelatedHip Hop : A Genre Of Music1431 Words   |  6 PagesHip hop is widely know as a genre of music that started in a New York City borough called the Bronx in the late 1970s, but it is more than just the music. Hip hop is a culture that consists of being a disc jockey which is also known as deejaying or turntabling, MCing or rhyming â€Å"rapping†, graffiti, fashion, and breakdancing. Hip hop was mostly an underground culture only know to the people l iving in the Bronx. Hip hop is a relatively new culture which fascinates most people because it of its somewhatRead MoreMy Redefinition Of Hip Hop Feminism1513 Words   |  7 Pages Rabaka ETHN Intro to Hip Hop studies 29 March 2016 Own Perspective 1. My redefinition of Hip hop feminism differs from the â€Å"normal† definition of feminism, to me hip hop feminism is a way of living and thinking. Hip hop feminism is connected to the Liberation Movement although this movement focused on advancing women rights than civil rights I still believe it played a part with the Hip Hop feminism movement which focused on the rights for young black women in the hip hop industry. I believe thisRead MoreTaking a Look at Hip Hop Culture1300 Words   |  5 PagesHip Hop Culture As I was growing up in the late 1970’s, it has always been common knowledge that hip hop music and its culture originated in the South Bronx section of New York City in the early 1970’s. Since this time, hip hop has become a multi-cultural fusion of many different contributions made by several ethnic groups like Caucasians, Asians, blacks, and Hispanics, to name just a few. Hip-hop has definitely exploded within many cultures and subcultures througho ut the world and within the pastRead MoreReflection Paper About English Composition930 Words   |  4 Pageswrote about racism, stating what it is and the history of racism. I wrote this to foreshadow what the text was mostly going to be about. I referenced historical events and figures. I then described my life and who I was. After describing this, I explained my experiences in confronting racism. The point of the essay was to state that racism is still alive and can be present anywhere. After writing this essay, I learned that my mechanics and style was not where it should be. Even with the revisionsRead MoreThe Culture And Culture Of The Country Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagesover his life more and more. Michael begins to realize that the moments he bypassed were the most important opens in his life. Things that people get consumed with like work, makes them forget about the little things in life. Having family dinners, going to support family members at events that are importa nt to them or just being there for a family member or friend who needs someone to talk to is more important being a part of a fast pace life. 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At a time when block parties became popular, especially among African-American youths, hip-hop music was a means of expressing opinions and values and as a new source of communication. At these gatherings, DJs would play percussive breaks from popular songs, often on two turntables to enable them to extend these breaks. ThisRead MoreRap Music And Hip Hop1560 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Gangsta rap† has been around since the late 1980s, and has been categorized as a specific type of hip hop. Reflecting the violent lifestyles of many black American youths living within the inner cities of the West and East coast, gangsta rap became a voice. The genre reflected on and spoke about the harsh realities of what life for a black person during the 1980s. One of the most prominent rap names during this era that became the voice for many people throughout the nation was the N.W.A (NiggazRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The Rebirth Of African American Arts1708 Words   |  7 Pagesblack population, black identity, and human rights (Wormser). Langston Hughes seemed to be the â€Å"Father of the Harlem Renaissance†. Some of the poems that he wrote were some of the most famous of the movement. He was the first poet to capture what was going on in his poems. He had the capability of colorfully portraying black life during this time period through his poetry. Hughes would not differentiate between his experience, and that of the common black folk of the time, which was unlike any of theRead MoreWhy is the study of dance history important1848 Words   |  8 Pagesseen as a realistic form of expression is hip-hop. Hip-hop and its influence on our ideas of personal identity Hip-hop has helped form ideas about race and class, in a time period that was also politically reforming these ideas. Hip-hop originated in New York in the 1960’s and 70’s in New York, more specifically in areas of financial squalor, and mainly originated form African American people. It could be seen as way for people to express themselves. Hip-hop wasn’t formed racially specific though

Social Marketing Company (Smc) Free Essays

Social Marketing: A Success Story in Bangladesh Mahbubur Rahman, MA, MBA 1 and Toslim Uddin Khan, MA, MSS, MBA 2 Social Marketing Company (SMC) is the largest privately managed social marketing organization in the world for a single country. It is a significant contributor to the reproductive and child health services in Bangladesh. The on-going social marketing programs of SMC include family planning, child health, disease prevention and maternal and neonatal health. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Marketing Company (Smc) or any similar topic only for you Order Now SMC’s mission is to improve the quality of lives of vulnerable and less privileged population primarily in public health issues through sustainable social marketing efforts in collaboration with national and international governments and donors. Social marketing is the application of commercial management techniques for popularizing and selling products and services that offer clear benefits to the people at prices they can buy. Thus, easy accessibility through wide availability and high affordability forms the key element of social marketing. The model of social marketing SMC adopted and continues to practice has two components – multi-strategy communications for initiating desired behavior change, and suitable, affordable, readily accessible product and service for sustaining the changed behavior using the techniques of commercial marketing. Because of its remarkable success and its sheer size, social marketing in Bangladesh has become a model of best practices and attracted international attention. Two premier USA based graduate schools of business included the case study on social marketing program in Bangladesh in their curricula, which is an entire chapter of the renowned book titled â€Å"Let Every Child Be Wanted: How Social Marketing Is Revolutionizing Contraceptive Use Around the World† written by Philip D. Harvey. The case on SMC is also included in the â€Å"Asian Marketing Casebook† written by Noel Capon and Wilferied R. Vanhonacker. SMC is ISO 9001-2000 certified company. The company is awarded International Star Award for Leadership in Quality (ISLQ) in 2008 by the Business Initiative Directions (BID) a Madrid-based business organization committed to build better business reputation worldwide. Contribution of SMC to the National Program Social marketing of contraceptives and ORS has proven to be a major contributor to achievement of the health and population objectives of the Government of Bangladesh. Population science experts used three critical measures of contraceptive effectiveness – Total Fertility Rate (TFR)3, Couple Year of Protection (CYP)4 and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)5. Between 1975 and 2007, the total fertility rate of the country dropped from 6. 3 to 2. 7, and the overall contraceptive prevalence rate among currently married women rose from 8 percent to 56 percent, with modern contraceptive use at 48 percent (BDHS, 2007). SMC is significantly contributing in the modern contraceptive methods to achieve national contraceptive goals. BDHS shows that 35 percent of the modern contraceptive users use SMC brand contraceptives (four out of ten pill users, six out of 1 Head of Marketing, Social Marketing Company Head or Research and MIS, Social Marketing Company The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman (group of women) during her lifetime 4 It is estimated that one CYP is provided by 150 condoms or 15 oral pill cycles or 4 vials of injectables. 5 Contraceptive prevalence rate is defined as the percent of Married Women of Reproductive Age using family planning method. 2 1 ten condom users and two out of ten injectables users use SM C brand). According to the Consumers Retail Audit, SMC brand condoms have 81 percent share of the retail market while SMC brand OCP have 90 percent of retail market share (ACNielsen, 2008). SMC distributes approximately 100 million pieces of condoms, 40 million cycles of oral pills and one million vials of injectables annually through out the country. ORSaline was launched in late 1985 to enhance the availability of ORS to address mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea among under 5 children in Bangladesh. The usage of packaged ORS in diarroheal cases among the under five children has increased from 61 percent in 2000 to 77 percent in 2007 (BDHS, 2007). According to the Consumers Retail Audit, ORSaline-N brand of SMC is the market leader of ORS retail market with more than 59 percent share (ACNielsen, 2008). SMC distributes approximately 180 million sachets of ORS yearly throughout the country. Evolution of Social Marketing Company The concept of social marketing came to Bangladesh in 1974 when the social marketing project was initiated to challenge rapid population growth by making contraceptive products widely accessible at a price affordable to the general people. The project was initiated by a US-based non-profit organization Population Services International (PSI) in agreement with the Government of Bangladesh (GOB), and with funding from United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In 1990, the project transformed into Social Marketing Company – a not-for-profit private limited company, and since being operated under a voluntary Board of Directors consisting of eminent personalities with private and public sector expertise in different fields. From 1997, SMC had been the social marketing partner in the USAID funded National Integrated Population and Health Program (NIPHP) under a Cooperative Agreement. After end of NIPHP, SMC signed a new Cooperative Agreement with USAID as a partner of USAID Bangladesh Health and Population Program (UBHPP) effective from January 2008. Sales and Distribution Network SMC has one of the most established, extensive and efficient distribution networks in Bangladesh. Nationwide coverage is carried out through twelve offices located in major division and district towns of the country. This enables SMC’s a little over 100 men-strong sales force to distribute products to the far-flung outlet promptly and regularly. On an average, about 223,000 outlets are served by SMC sales force each year of which approximately 35 percent are pharmacies and the rest are nonpharmacies including grocery stores and kiosks. Stocks at the sales offices are replenished through large delivery trucks at scheduled intervals. The sales force cover the territory by SMC’s fleet of delivery vans, motorbikes and boats whenever necessary. In order to ensure efficient and secured storage of all SMC products, SMC has constructed a central warehouse (CWH) and a packaging unit located at Bhaluka, Mymensingh in 2008. The CWH is constructed with necessary warehousing needs like adequate passageway for transporting goods, ventilation, natural light or scope for increasing artificial lighting, optimum space areas for stacking goods as per standard storing guidelines. The widespread sales and distribution efforts of SMC contributed to make its products widely available in the retail outlets across the country. The product availability study showed that 84 percent of the retail pharmacy outlets have at least one SMC brand of Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP) while 82 percent pharmacy outlets have at least one SMC brand of condom and 91 percent pharmacy outlets have at least one SMC brand of ORS. In addition to pharmacy outlets, SMC sales condom and ORS in 2 he non-pharmacy outlets as a strategy to increase accessibility and availability of the products. One in every five non-pharmacy retail outlets of the country has SMC brand condom and more than two in every five non-pharmacy retail outlets have SMC brand ORS countrywide (Pathway, 2007). The Table 1 shows the availability of SMC products in the retail outlets. Table 1: Availability of SMC Brand OCP, Condom and ORS by Pharmacy and Non-pharmacy Retail Outlets (in percentage) Brand Pharmacy Non-pharmacy At least one SMC brand OCP 84 na At least one SMC brand Condom 2 21 At least one SMC brand ORS 91 44 Number of Outlets 2400 4800 Use of Innovative Communication Channel for Strategic Behavior Change When social marketing began in Bangladesh, many were skeptical about the feasibility of large-scale information dissemination and advertising of contraceptive products. They were skeptical mostly for three reasons. First, Bangladesh is predominantly Muslim society in which reproductive health was not openly discussed. Second, much of the population was illiterate at that time with limited access to media. Third, the majority of the population was very poor and there were doubts that people could be persuaded to purchase contraceptives when these supplies were available free from other sources. To address the prevailing formidable situation in the mid seventies, SMC launched a strong and innovative communication program to facilitate and sustain behavior changes towards family planning and contraceptive use. The program is now recognized worldwide for its creative use of innovative channels to communicate generic family planning and health messages and to promote sales of branded products. All modern mass media communication channels including regional and national radio, television, and print media were being utilized from the very beginning. The products have been advertised on billboards, signs, buildings, water tanks, shop boards and banners, rickshaws, shopping bags, at sporting events, and through free promotional distribution. Riverboats carried Raja Condom logos on their sails. The Mobile Film Program (MFP) is a hallmark of social marketing in Bangladesh, and a major factor in making SMC the largest social marketing program in the world. The mobile van fleet presents audio-visual shows that reach hundreds of thousands in rural areas with education on health issues and advertisements of SMC’s products. A recently conducted study on MFP showed that 63 percent of the MFP viewers have learned new information on family planning, 53 percent learned new information on STD/AIDS and 32 percent learned new information on women trafficking watching mobile film program (MRC-MODE, 2007). The pharmacists and non-graduate medical practitioners are one of the major sources of health information and prescriber of medicine, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. As a part of the comprehensive communication strategy, SMC provides training to approximately 17,000 health providers annually to strengthen their knowledge and skill in order to offer better over-the-counter services including counseling. Brands as Demand Drivers Market segmentation, effective positioning and brand development efforts continue to be a major part of SMC’s strategies, and the company now provides a diverse range of pills and condoms targeted at 3 specific market segments and supported with brand-specific advertising and promotion. The efforts have significantly contributed to increase brand awareness and brand loyalty among the target population. For example, Raja condom was introduced in 1976 and ultimately became synonymous with the word â€Å"condom† in Bangladesh with huge advertising and promotional efforts over the last 32 years. A study on Use of Contraceptive Among the Poor Couples in Bangladesh conducted by ACNielsen explored the reasons for using SMC OCP among the current SMC brand OCP users. About 61 percent SMC brand OCP contraceptive users mentioned the reason as it suits with body while 13 percent mentioned it is widely available, 8 percent mentioned that it is a good quality brand, 9 percent mentioned husband purchases it and 2 percent mentioned that they purchase it due to its lower price (ACNielsen, 2008). SMC sells its contraceptive product brands by positioning them at appropriate market segments. Target market for Raja and Hero condoms and Femicon and Femipil OCP are the lower income population. SOMA-JECT injectable and Panther condom are for the lower-mid level of the market, while Sensation nd U condoms, Minicon (progesterone only pill) and Nordette-28 oral pills are positioned at the slightly upper mid segment of the market. ORSaline-N, Monimix and safe delivery kit are positioned for all segments of the market. Table 2 shows different SMC brands with year of launching: Table 2: SMC brands, year of launching, and its positioning in the market. Products Brand Oral Contraceptive Nordette-28 Pill Femicon Femipill Minicon SOMA-JECT Injectable Condom ORS Micro nutrition Safe Delivery Kit Raja Panther Sensation U HERO ORSaline/ORSali ne-N ORSaline Fruity Monimix Safety Kit Year of Launch 1995 1976 1983 1992 2005 006 1983 Positioning Upper and middle segment Lower segment Lower segment All segments Lower and middle segment Lower segment Middle segment Upper segment Upper segment Lower segment All segments 2003 2008 2008 Upper segments All segments All segments 1996 2008 2000 1999 Knowledge Attitude Practice and Perception (KAPP) Study on OCP shows that the Married Women of Reproductive Age (MWRA) have a wider level of awareness of SMC brand OCP. Eight out of ten MWRA know Femicon brand while about half of the MWRAs know Nordette-28 brand. Those couples who know the brand have a very high level of quality perception regarding brand. Eighty-five percent of the MWRA who know Femicon brand mentioned that the brand is either very good or good while 92 percent of the MWRA who know Nordette-28 brand told that it is either very good or good quality OCP (RCS, 2007). Table 3 shows the quality perception on SMC brand OCP among the MWRA who know the brand: 4 Table 3: Quality Perception on SMC Brand OCP among MWRA who know the brand OCP brand of SMC Response Femicon Nordette-28 Minicon Very good 14. 8 10. 6 30. 3 Good 71. 3 81. 3 36. 9 Not so good not so 5. 4 3. 3 12. 9 bad Not good 1. 9 0. 8 1. 0 Don’t Know 6. 4 4. 1 18. 8 Number of MWRA 2045 597 287 Blue Star Social Franchising Program: Involvement of the Private Practitioners in the Public Health Priority Areas The Blue Star Program is an all out effort to bring the private sector health service providers (both graduate and non-graduate medical practitioners) into the public health program. The program works through a network of 3600 private medical practitioners. The purpose of this program is to address the unmet need of the target population by improving quality, awareness, accessibility, and affordability of priority public health services through the private health providers. SMC provide comprehensive training, commodity supply, promotional support and supervision monitoring to these Blue Star Providers. A Program Evaluation Study interviewed 1379 private sector health service providers – half of them were Blue Star Providers and the rest half was not affiliated with the Blue Star Franchising. The study reveals that knowledge level on contraception of Blue Star Providers is significantly higher than the non Blue Star Providers. For example, around 41% of non Blue Star providers have no knowledge on the side effect of injectable while the rate is less than one percent for Blue Star Providers (RCS, 2006). Currently injectable contraceptive is given along with other health services through this network. Next to the OCP, injectable is the most popular temporary contraceptive method in Bangladesh. According to Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007, 7% of the eligible couples are using Injectable contraceptive compared to 2. 6% in 1991. As BDHS 2007 shows, one out of five injectable users collect their supplies from private medical sector – graduate and non-graduate medical practitioners and pharmacies, which are considered as the outlets of Blue Star Franchising Program. Social Marketing of Micronutrient Product: A New Avenue in Child Health Program SMC has launched its Micronutrition program in Bangladesh through introduction of †MoniMix† – a branded micronutrient powder for simple and convenient in-home food fortification of complementary food to address childhood Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in May 2008. Objective of the micronutrient program is to help improve nutritional status of under-five children, particularly of those with childhood IDA, to increase knowledge and awareness among parents and health service providers about the importance of micronutrient containing food and adequate dietary intake, and to promote exclusive breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding of nutrition rich foods. A KAPP study on Home Fortification of Complementary Food among the parents and caregivers of the children under 5 years found that nearly half of the respondents (47 percent) mentioned that they are aware about IDA while the rest (53 percent) admitted their complete ignorance on the issue 5 (ACNielsen, 2008). The findings of the study strongly justify the comprehensive awareness creation campaign on Micronutrition in general and IDA in particular which SMC has started. SMC Factory: Manufacturing ORS to Ensure Product Security In order to ensure the security of ever increasing demand of pre-packaged ORS, SMC has established its own very modern ORS manufacturing facility in 2004. This facility has certainly released SMC from complete dependency on contract manufacturers. The annual ORS production capacity of the factory is around 200 million sachets, and the factory produced 176 million sachets of ORSaline-N in FY 2007. The SMC factory complex is situated on 5. 9 acres of land at Bhaluka on the DhakaMymensingh highway. The factory complex includes raw materials and finished goods store, production unit, quality control labs, services and administration units. Machinery and equipments of the SMC factory are of latest technology and in particular, the sachet machine is state-of-art. The Future: Journey Towards Sustainability SMC is seeking to increase its contribution to the achievement of national health objectives through significant expansion in the services it provides and the products it sells, while enhancing its organizational sustainability through increased revenues and improved management. Over the past years, SMC has steadily improved its cost recovery, which was 74 percent in 2007. Eventually, SMC endeavors to become a self-reliant social marketing company with minimum level of donor assistance. However, the products that are positioned for the lower segment – one condom, one pill and one injectable – would continue as a part of SMC’s social commitment to serve the less privileged and vulnerable groups. Reference 1. ACNielsen Bangladesh, â€Å"Knowledge, Attitude Perception and Practice (KAPP) Study on Home Fortification of Complementary Food†, 2008, Conducted for Social Marketing Company 2. ACNielsen Bangladesh, â€Å"Retail Audit Report on OCP, Condom and ORS†, April 2008 Conducted for Social Marketing Company 3. ACNielsen Bangladesh, â€Å"Use of Contraceptive Among the Poor Couple of Bangladesh†, 2008 Conducted for Social Marketing Company 4. Eve, E. Epstein, â€Å"SMC Story: The History of Social marketing Company†, 2006 written for Social Marketing Company . Institute of Public Health and Nutrition (IPHN), Government of Bangladesh, â€Å"National Strategy for Anemia Prevention and Control in Bangladesh†, 2007 6. MRC-MODE Limited â€Å"Study on Mobile Film Program†, 2007, Conducted for Social Marketing Company 7. National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro, â€Å"Preliminary Report on Banglad esh Demographic and Health Survey 2007†, 2007. 8. Noel Capon and Wilfried R. Vanhonacker, â€Å"The Asian Marketing Casebook†, 1999 9. Philip D. Harvey, â€Å"Let Every Child Be Wanted: How Social Marketing Is Revolutionizing Contraceptive Use Around the World†, 1999 10. Pathway â€Å"Availability and Market Penetration Study of SMC Products†, 2007, Conducted for Social Marketing Company 11. Research and Computing Services (RCS) Limited, â€Å"Knowledge, Attitude Perception and Practice (KAPP) Study on Oral Contraceptive Pill among the Married Women of Reproductive Age† 2007, conducted for Social Marketing Company 6 How to cite Social Marketing Company (Smc), Papers

Sample Solution on Small Scale Engine Design - MyAssignmentHelp

Question: Describe about the Small Scale Engine Design? Answer: Introduction In this project, we continue our designing process, as completed in the semester 1, with the manufacturer changes as specified.The project specifications in the part-1 of project were:a) Miniature two stroke, compression ignition engine (to be used in an Unmanned Arial Vehicle)b) Brake horse power = 0.06bhp (45W) when speed = 14,000rev/minc) Capable of driving a propeller of a 200mm x 100mm diameter pitchd) Drive shaft greater than 5mme) Air cooledf) Production of 500 engines per yearThe changes that our consultancy has been asked to incorporate are:a. Design changes for production of 2000, 5000, 10,000 engines per yearb. Assembly planning for i. Crankshaft assemblyii. Piston assemblyiii. Fuel line assemblyc. Process planning for crankcase, crankshaft, cylinder head or piston.d. Engine life cycle analysis. Designing Assembly Planning Crankshaft Assembly The crankshaft is the part which rotates in the main bearings, which is inside the crankcase. There are connecting rods are attached to throws. This is the area which is attached to offset, where the change of reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion takes place. Fig. 2: Crankshaft Assembly In this project, we have been asked to assemble the crankshaft assembly. Running the data given as thresholds on the CES EduPack, we have arrived at the conclusion to use Machining Process for the assembly. It has to be machined using stainless steel. Fig. 3: CES EduPack Machining Planning Its states that: PLANING is a process of machining category, which is used for removing metal from surfaces in vertical, horizontal, or angular planes. In this process, the work piece is reciprocated in a linear motion against single-point tools, which can be one or more. This planning process is most widely used for producing flat surfaces on large work pieces. But, the process can also be used to produce a variety of irregular shapes and contours, like helical grooves, deep slots, and internal guide surfaces. The machining processes which is used to remove metal from surfaces are called SHAPING and SLOTTING. They do this with a single-point tool mounted on a reciprocating ram. Shape Solid 3-D Non-circular prismatic Circular prismatic Physical attributes Roughness 0.4 - 25 m Range of section thickness 10 - 500 mm Mass range 0.01 - 100 kg Tolerance 0.013 - 0.5 mm Process characteristics Prototyping Discrete Economic attributes Relative equipment cost medium Labour intensity medium Economic batch size (units) 1 - 100 Relative tooling cost low Piston Assembly Fig. 4: Piston Assembly This has again been designed using Machining, in which turning, boring and parting process is used. Fig. 5: EduPack Details on Turning, Boring and Parting It states that: TURNING is the process that generates external surfaces of revolution. It does so by removing material from a rotating work piece, which is done using a single-tipped cutting tool. The rotory motio to the work piece is provided by chuck mounted which is gripped in a lathe. BORING is this same action applied to internal surfaces of revolution. It is commonly used process for finishing or enlarging holes or other circular contours. Although most boring operations are done on straight-through, simple holes (ranging upward in diameter from about 6 mm), tooling can be designed for holes with bottle-shaped configurations, boring blind holes and bores with undercuts, steps, and counter bores. The process of boring is used after drilling, which is done to increase dimensional accuracy and finish This is also done for finishing holes too large to be produced economically by drilling, like large pierced holes in forgings or large cored holes in castings. The process of PARTING is the process w here the separation of a turned object from the stock from which it was made by turning the section down to zero. Shape Circular prismatic Hollow 3-D Solid 3-D Physical attributes Tolerance 0.013 - 0.38 mm Mass range 0.001 - 5.5e4 kg Roughness 0.5 - 25 m Process characteristics Discrete Cutting processes Machining processes Prototyping Economic attributes Relative equipment cost high Relative tooling cost medium Economic batch size (units) 1 - 1e7 Fuel line Assembly Fig. 6: Fuel Line Assembly The fuel tank has to be manufactured by Seam Welding, according to EduPack. Fig. 7: EduPack details of Seam Welding It states that: In seam welding, circular wheel-like electrodes press the overlapping sheets to be welded together and while rolling conduct a series of high current-low voltage pulses to the work. These produce overlapping spot welds which become a continuous seam. No fluxes or filler material is required. The electrodes are made of low resistance copper alloy and are water-cooled. The carburettor has to be manufactured using High Pressure die casting. Fig. 8: EduPack details of High Pressure die casting It states that: In the process of PRESSURE DIE CASTING, molten metal is injected under high pressure into a metal die. This is done through a system of runners and sprues. During this solidification, the pressure is maintained. Then, the die halves are opened to inject the casting. As high pressures is involved here, the two die halves are held together by a high force. They are then locked with toggle clamps also. The dies are precision machined from heat resistant steel. They are then cooled with water. They often include several movable parts and are therefore expensive and complex. The die casting machines are of two types, which are generally used. They are: hot chamber and cold chamber. In the 'hot chamber' process, which is also known as gooseneck process, the molten metal is held in a furnace in which a gooseneck chamber is submerged. Upon each cycle, the gooseneck is filled with metal. It is then forced into the die. Because of the prolonged contact between the injection system and the meta l, this process is restricted to zinc-base alloys. In the 'cold chamber' process, metal is melted in a separate furnace. It is then transported to the die casting machine. The cold chamber process can be used for a variety of alloys, whereas the hot chmaber process cannot. Die castings cannot be heat-treated because of internal porosity. The process is very competitive for producing large quantities of thin-walled castings. Shape Non-circular prismatic Hollow 3-D Solid 3-D Circular prismatic Physical attributes Roughness 0.8 - 1.6 m Mass range 0.05 - 15 kg Tolerance 0.15 - 0.5 mm Range of section thickness 1 - 8 mm Fig. 9: Cost modelling of High Pressure die casting What-if Analysis We have here analysed the two materials that can be used to manufacture crankcase. They are: Aluminium C355.0 Aluminium S319.0 Material Processing footprint for Aluminium C355.0: (according to CES EduPack) General properties Designation Al-alloy: C355.0, T6 UNS number A33350 Density 2.7e3 - 2.73e3 kg/m^3 Price * 1.69 - 1.85 USD/kg Composition overview Composition (summary) Al/4.5-5.5Si/1.0-1.5Cu/.4-.6Mg/.2Fe/.2Ti/.1Mn/.1Zn Base Al (Aluminium) Composition detail Mn (manganese) 0.1 % Si (silicon) 4.5 - 5.5 % Ti (titanium) 0.2 % Zn (zinc) 0.1 % Al (aluminium) 92 - 94 % Cu (copper) 1 - 1.5 % Fe (iron) 0.2 % Mg (magnesium) 0.4 - 0.6 % Mechanical properties Bulk modulus 68.3 - 71.8 GPa Poisson's ratio 0.33 - 0.343 Shape factor 28 Yield strength (elastic limit) 193 - 276 MPa Young's modulus 70 - 73.6 GPa Shear modulus 27 - 28.4 GPa Hardness - Vickers 90 - 95 HV Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles 62 - 97 MPa Tensile strength 255 - 345 MPa Elongation 1 - 3 % Fatigue strength model (stress range) * 42.9 - 80.2 MPa Parameters: Stress Ratio = 0, Number of Cycles = 1e7 Compressive strength 193 - 276 MPa Flexural strength (modulus of rupture) 193 - 276 MPa Fracture toughness * 18 - 23 MPa.m^1/2 Mechani cal loss coefficient (tan delta) * 1e-4 - 0.002 Thermal properties Maximum service temperature 130 - 200 C Minimum service temperature -273 C Melting point 545 - 620 C Thermal expansion coefficient 22.3 - 23.5 strain/C Thermal conductivity 152 - 165 W/m.K Specific heat capacity 963 - 1e3 J/kg.K Latent heat of fusion * 384 - 393 kJ/kg Durability: fluids and sunlight Weak alkalis Acceptable Strong alkalis Unacceptable Water (fresh) Excellent Strong acids Excellent Organic solvents Excellent Water (salt) Acceptable UV radiation (sunlight) Excellent Oxidation at 500C Unacceptable Weak acids Excellent Primary material production: energy, CO2 and water CO2 footprint, primary production 11.9 - 13.2 kg/kg Water usage 125 - 375 l/kg Embodied energy, primary production 209 - 231 MJ/kg Material processing: energy Conventional machining energy (per unit wt. removed) * 4.16 - 4.6 MJ/kg Non-conventional machining energy (per unit wt. removed) * 31.8 - 35.2 MJ/kg Metal powder forming energy * 7.97 - 8.81 MJ/kg Vaporization energy * 17 - 18.8 MJ/kg Casting energy * 2.39 - 2.64 MJ/kg Forging, rolling energy * 3.02 - 3.34 MJ/kg Material processing: CO2 footprint Vaporization CO2 * 1.36 - 1.5 kg/kg Forging, rolling CO2 * 0.242 - 0.267 kg/kg Metal powder forming CO2 * 0.638 - 0.705 kg/kg Conventional machining CO2 (per unit wt. remo ved) * 0.333 - 0.368 kg/kg Casting CO2 * 0.143 - 0.158 kg/kg Non-conventional machining CO2 (per unit wt. removed) * 2.54 - 2.82 kg/kg Material Processing footprint for Aluminium S319.0: (according to CES EduPack) Designation Al alloy: S319.0; LM21-M (cast) UNS number A03190 Density 2.78e3 - 2.84e3 kg/m^3 Price * 1.65 - 1.81 USD/kg Composition overview Composition (summary) Al/6Si/4Cu/Zn Base Al (Aluminium) Composition detail Si (silicon) 6 % Cu (copper) 4 % Al (aluminium) 90 % Zn (zinc) 0 % Mechanical properties Hardness - Vickers 85 - 90 HV Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles * 55 - 65 MPa Bulk modulus 65 - 86 GPa Poisson's ratio 0.32 - 0.36 Young's modulus 71 - 75 GPa Yield strength (elastic limit) 124 - 137 MPa Tensile strength 190 - 210 MPa Compressive strength 124 - 137 MPa Shear modulus 26 - 28 GPa Shape factor 38 Flexural strength (modulus of rupture) 124 - 137 MPa Elongation 1.9 - 2.2 % Fatigue strength model (stress range) * 41.2 - 50.8 MPa Parameters: Stress Ratio = 0, Number of Cycles = 1e7 Fracture toughness * 24 - 26 MPa.m^1/2 Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta) * 1e-4 - 0.002 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity 119 - 123 W/m.K Minimum service temperature -273 C Melting point 520 - 615 C Thermal expansion coefficient 20.5 - 21.5 strain/C Specific heat capacity 944 - 982 J/kg.K Maximum service temperature 130 - 200 C Latent heat of fusion 384 - 393 kJ/kg Durability: fluids and sunlight Strong acids Excellent Weak acids Excellent Water (salt) Acceptable Organic solvents Excellent Water (fresh) Excellent UV radiation (sunlight) Excellent Strong alkalis Unacceptable Weak alkalis Acceptable Oxidation at 500C Unacceptable Primary material production: energy, CO2 and water CO2 footprint, primary production 11.9 - 13.2 kg/kg Embodied energy, primary production 209 - 231 MJ/kg Water usage 125 - 375 l/kg Material processing: energy Casting energy * 2.3 - 2.54 MJ/kg Forging, rolling energy * 2.41 - 2.67 MJ/kg Conventional machining energy (per unit wt. removed) * 4.08 - 4.51 MJ/kg Metal powder forming energy * 7.65 - 8.46 MJ/kg Vaporization energy * 16.4 - 18.1 MJ/kg Non-conventional machining energy (per unit wt. removed) * 30.8 - 34 MJ/kg Material processing: CO2 footprint Forging, rolling CO2 * 0.193 - 0.214 kg/kg Casting CO2 * 0.138 - 0.152 kg/kg Conventional machining CO2 (per unit wt. removed) * 0.326 - 0.361 kg/kg Vaporization CO2 * 1.3 1 - 1.45 kg/kg Metal powder forming CO2 * 0.612 - 0.677 kg/kg Non-conventional machining CO2 (per unit wt. removed) * 2.46 - 2.72 kg/kg Conclusion The changes has been done according to the requirements. The analysis has been done on CES EduPack, taking the number of parts manufactured as 200, 500 and 10,000. The cost threshold has been set to $100 in each case. According to the CO2 footprint, the material suitable for use in crankcase of the crankshaft assembly should be Aluminium S319.0., though it is not they fuel efficient is terms of energy produced, but eco audit suggests Aluminium S319.0 for low carbon dioxide emission. References George E. Dieter (1997). "Overview of the Materials Selection Process", ASM Handbook Volume 20: Materials Selection and Design. Ashby, Michael (1999). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design (3rd edition ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-4357-9. "Material Grapher". Materials Digital Library Pathway MatDL.org. "Granta Design". Granta Design. Ashby, Michael F. (2005). Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. USA: Elsevier Ltd. 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